Clarity AD: CLARITY AD showed less average cognitive-functional decline with lecanemab over 18 months, not recovery, with material ARIA and infusion-reaction risks.
Boundary: Both groups worsened; an 18-month randomized comparison does not demonstrate causal long-term extension benefit.
DO-HEALTH: DO-HEALTH's selected methylation substudy found small omega-3-related changes in PhenoAge, GrimAge2 and DunedinPACE, not proof of clinical rejuvenation or lifespan gain.
Boundary: Clock response does not establish lifespan extension or whole-body rejuvenation.
SELECT: SELECT demonstrated fewer major cardiovascular events with semaglutide in adults with established cardiovascular disease and overweight/obesity without diabetes, alongside greater treatment discontinuation.
Boundary: A secondary composite including macroalbuminuria is not proof of preventing kidney failure in all populations.
PREDIMED: PREDIMED's withdrawn 2013 report must not serve as the current efficacy source; the 2018 replacement is a reanalysis of the same experiment after randomization deviations.
Boundary: The 2013 and 2018 articles cannot be counted as independent replication.
US POINTER: US POINTER found a small additional cognitive-score improvement from structured versus self-guided multidomain lifestyle intervention, not an intervention-versus-inactivity effect.
Boundary: Cognitive-score improvement does not itself establish reduced dementia incidence.
FINGER: FINGER's modest cognitive-score benefit and MAPT's adjusted null comparisons support an intervention-design-specific, not universal multidomain-prevention claim.
Boundary: Cognitive-score improvement does not itself establish reduced dementia incidence.